The simple answer for “Why do churches of Christ not use musical instruments in worship?” is that the Bible instructs churches to sing as a congregation to praise God and edify one another (Eph 5:19; Col 3:16). When a congregation sings together, musical instruments become irrelevant as the New Testament makes no mention of Christians worshiping with musical instruments in assembly. The instrument cannot speak, teach, or thank God and so cannot praise God with meaningful words.
The churches in the New Testament never used musical instruments when they worshiped in song for good reason. Christ, His apostles, and His prophets only commanded singing for worship in the New Testament.[1] As New Testament Christians, the churches of Christ see the blessings of praising God by their lips, and they plead with all who rely on Christ’s words to consider congregational singing as essential to true worship by speaking to one another in psalms, hymns, and spiritual songs.
Here are 4 reasons why churches do not use musical instruments:
1. The NT (New Testament) commands congregation singing and does not mention the playing of instruments for spiritual teaching, praise, and thanksgiving (Eph 5:19; Col 3:16).
2. The Bible forbids anyone adding or annulling God’s commands (1 Cor 11:2; Gal 3:15; Rev 22:18–19). Furthermore, Jesus is sinless and His words are without error, so no one should change His words (John 6:63; Heb 4:15; 1 Pet 2:22).
3. The NT teaches that words are essential to worshiping in song and that unknown languages and nonverbal sounds are excluded (1 Cor 14:9–19).
4. Jesus established worship in spirit and truth changing the OT physical worship including musical instruments to NT spiritual worship with singing meaningful words for teaching, praise, and thanksgiving (John 4:21–24; Heb 13:15–16; 1 Pet 2:9).
Worship with Words
The Bible contains commands from God for the order of the assembly in 1 Corinthians 14 (cf. 11:17–34). In the Bible, words are essential to making melody to worship God. In 1 Corinthians 14, the apostle Paul emphasized understandable words as he explained that words build up worshipers gathered in the assembly. Because words are essential to edification and the assembly of Christians, the New Testament Scriptures describe musical instruments as “lifeless” meaning “without soul” (1 Cor 14:7). Paul noted this description of lifeless instruments as greater than speaking in unknown languages in assembly.
In 1 Corinthians 14:15, the apostle Paul used the Greek word psallo meaning “to make melody” to describe how words are essential to singing and praying to God with the spirit and mind. These scriptures explain that meaningful music in worship consists of understandable words (1 Cor 14:7–19). Furthermore, Paul also instructed Christians to complete the act of psallo by making melody in the heart (Eph 5:18–19). Musical instruments are an irrelevant addition to the purpose and heart of singing praises to God. Lifeless instruments cannot produce words for meaningful worship and making melody in the heart.
No Changing Jesus’s Words
Believers find that Christ is perfect and complete, and so are His words (John 6:63; Heb 4:15; 1 Pet 2:22). The Bible reveals that adding to the words of Christ and His Spirit is wrong (1 Cor 4:6; Gal 1:6–9; 3:15; 2 John 9; Rev 22:18–19). Do Christians have liberty to express worship in any way other than true worship in the New Testament? Christians can neither change Christ nor alter the gospel. Christ is infallible and so are His words (2 Cor 5:21; Heb 4:14–15; 1 John 3:5; 1 Pet 2:22). Christ is the same yesterday, today, and forever (Heb 13:8). Therefore, Jesus’s words are constant and unchanging and that is true for His teaching about true worship.
When believers consider the complete perfection of Christ’s words, then Christ’s institutions of the Lord’s Supper, baptism, prayer, music, and the like are complete in presenting His ideal conduct for the Christian faith. Few people would consider adding lamb’s meat to the Lord’s Supper even for the purpose of presenting Jesus as the Passover Lamb. Some may consider adding incense to prayers and ashes to the waters of baptism because of passages in the Old Testament. However, such additions are contrary to Jesus’s infallibility. A true worshiper must not add to true worship.
Churches can no more change the fruit of the vine in the Lord’s Supper than change the fruit of the lips in praise to God (Heb 13:15; cf. Matt 26:29; Mark 14:25). The Letter to the Hebrews declares, “By him therefore let us offer the sacrifice of praise to God continually, that is, the fruit of our lips giving thanks to his name” (Heb 13:15). God specified the true worship that is best for believers. Christians can no more change the music that Christ commanded than change the elements of the Lord’s Supper (Matt 26:26–29; 1 Cor 11:17–34). God created humanity with the ability to use their voices to sing praises to Him. Singing in worship is the most beautiful, pure, and sublime form of music.
Jesus Established True Worship
As most Christians realize, worship has changed from physical to spiritual. Jesus revealed that worship is now in spirit and truth, and no longer “in Jerusalem will you worship the Father” (John 4:21–24). David brought the temple worship to Jerusalem and enhanced this worship with musical instruments. Jesus professed, “believe me, the hour is coming when neither on this mountain nor in Jerusalem will you worship the Father. […] But the hour is coming, and now is, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth; for the Father is seeking such to worship Him” (John 4:21–24). The churches of Christ see that Jesus set true worship apart from the worship that David established in Jerusalem.[2] True worship is with the right spirit and by the truth of God’s Word (cf. John 1:17; 17:17).
Jesus taught that God seeks true worshipers who worship in spirit and in truth (John 4:23–24). For that reason, Jesus distinguished true worship apart from temple worship in Jerusalem (John 4:21–24). The temple of God changed from that physical building to the spiritual church (1 Cor 3:16; Eph 2:21), and worship also changed from the physical symbolism of the Old Testament to the spiritual reality of the New Testament (1 Pet 2:5). According to Scripture, Christ became the atoning sacrifice for sin (Heb 9:22–26). All Christians are now the priests of God’s spiritual temple, the church. Christians are the ones for whom God blessed to make melody in the heart and upon the lips. Thereby, true worshipers offer spiritual offerings of praise unto God (Heb 13:15; 1 Pet 2:5). The Scriptures reveal that the priesthood of the Levites and their physical worship with David’s instruments have ceased (Heb 7:12).
No More Shadows of Worship
Old Testament worship foreshadowed and symbolized true worship, but the substance has always been Christ (Col 2:16–17; Heb 8:5; 10:1). Christ fulfilled the Law, so that Christ has led believers to true worship (Heb 9:9–10; 1 Pet 2:5). Revelation’s symbolic references to worship on an altar with sacrifices, use of incense, and the holding of harps are all Old Testament symbols. These physical symbols foreshadowed true worship in the New Testament. Scripture says that incense symbolizes prayers and the harps symbolize praise (Rev 5:8–14). John described the praises of the faithful sounding like thunders, many waters, and harps (Rev 14:1–3; 15:1–3). While holding harps, no one played these harps in Revelation, but they did praise God with singing.
The New Testament describes the ordinances of Old Testament worship as obsolete, carnal, and fleshly (Rom 7:1–7; Gal 3–5; 2 Cor 3:7–18; Eph 2:14–22; Heb 8:13). This is why the churches of Christ believe in observing all of Christ’s commands — unaltered, because Christ’s words are perfect and greater than the Law of Moses. The churches of Christ refrain from musical instruments in worship because these are contrary to the Spirit of the New Covenant (cf. 2 Cor 3:1–6). If God wanted Christians to worship with instruments as the music of the church, God would have commanded instruments for Christians to worship God. However, the New Testament specifies that Christians praise God in song with their hearts and lips (Eph 5:19; Heb 13:15).
Worship throughout History
The word acapella refers to non-instrumental singing and means “of the chapel” in Latin. The word comes from the ancient form of Christian praise when early churches worshiped by singing without instrumental music. For fourteen centuries following Christ, most churches sang and opposed the use of musical instruments in worship and assembly. During the Reformation, the reformers led believers in France and England to remove the additions of musical instruments that the Roman church added in the fourteenth century.[3] This effort to reform Christian worship according to “the regulative principle” continued among many churches through the nineteenth century. Through the Reformation until today, “nonconformist” churches find that true worship is free of innovations and amusements. In the Restoration Movement, the restorers made the same stand for true worship and still do among churches of Christ.
God Judges Hearts
True worshipers will not add or annul from true worship. As far as true worship being a matter of salvation, God judges the hearts of those who worship for whether they love God and keep His commands (John 14:21–24). Some Christians in ancient Corinth received condemnation for not discerning the Lord’s Supper. Some also misused the gifts of languages in the assembly while corrected they were not overtly condemned (1 Cor 11:17–34; 14). Christians must defer to God who judges on these matters, so the faithful urge that all follow Christ to worship as God has revealed in the Scriptures.
Conclusion
The churches of Christ do not use musical instruments to worship God, because Christ commanded congregations to sing in the New Testament. Churches in the New Testament sang together with one voice and never used instruments. The New Testament writers affirm that singing is the most edifying, meaningful, and spiritual form of music. Because the New Testament Scriptures command music consisting of words for praise and spiritual teaching, the church of Christ will not add musical instruments to the singing of a congregation in worship to God (1 Cor 14:9–19).
The words of Jesus compel churches of Christ to maintain the purity of true worship. Neither Christ, his apostles, nor his prophets used or commanded musical instruments for worshiping God. Therefore, many Christians conclude that no one should add to Christ’s perfect words or change true worship as Jesus established. Because God specified singing in the New Testament Scriptures, alterations are contrary to the heart of meaningful worship. By the Holy Spirit, the apostle taught that every Scripture is God’s breath to make the person of God complete and fully equipped unto every good work (2 Tim 3:16–17). Christians are not lacking any teaching or any good work in the Scriptures. The faithful listen to Christ’s Spirit and His words in the Scriptures, and by loving Christ, they see the holiness of singing meaningful words over all other musical forms. This is why the churches of Christ do not use musical instruments.
Encouragement
May God bless all to consider sincerely the music that God desires for believers to worship in spirit and truth. To understand true worship, a believer must think spiritually (1 Cor 2:14). A person must also have an honest and good heart who does not dismiss Christ’s teachings (Luke 8:15). Furthermore, churches of Christ urge repentant believers to receive salvation by the gospel — the death, burial, and resurrection of Christ (1 Cor 15:1–5). Jesus rose bodily from the dead so that His followers will rise bodily from the dead on the last day (Rom 6:5; 8:11; 1 Cor 6:14). God saves believers by raising them from burial with Christ in baptism (Rom 6:4; Col 2:12–13). The believer must die with Christ to one’s sins to rise with Christ from baptism (Rom 6:1–7; Col 2:12–13). In this way, the Scriptures teach that God saves believers by grace raising them to new life in Jesus Christ (Eph 2:4–7).
- Matt 26:30; Mark 14:26; Acts 4:24; 16:25; Rom 15:6; 1 Cor 14:15; Eph 5:19; Col 3:16; Heb 2:12, 13:15; Jas 5:13; Rev 15:3–4.
- Scott J. Shifferd, “Do David’s Instruments Have a Place in True Worship?,” <https://Godsbreath.net/2014/03/04/davids-instruments-for-worship/> (2014).
- John Price, Old Light on New Worship: Musical Instruments and the Worship of God, a Theological, Historical, and Psychological Study, (Avinger, TX: Simpson Publishing, 2005).
The Breath of God 
The simple answer to “Why do churches of Christ not use musical instruments in worship?” is that Christ commanded singing for worship in the New Testament (Matt 26:30; Mark 14:26; Acts 4:24; 16:25; Rom 15:6; 1 Cor 14:15; Eph 5:19; Col 3:16; Heb 2:12, 13:15; Jas 5:13; Rev 15:3–4).
Re-reading this article- This is 1st fallacy-9 or 10 different scriptures is not simple-
Give up your old tired retort that singing was only instructed in the early church
May you find peace in instrumental music-
May you realize the Churches of Christ division over instrumental music ( organ) was not a good positive point- it had led them to more isolation and in my state- it has decreased their numbers-
It would be more wise to argue over how old the earth is and divide over those lines-
You mention purity in music-
Music is a material thing- your subjective views are filled of misconceptions and personal desires-
Your ego is driving you to your conclusions
God Bless-
I don’t find New Testament worship according to be old or tired. The Word is alive and living (Heb 4:12). True worship is beautiful and sublime. If I followed my ego, I would use instruments. I have honestly and openly formed arguments against acapella and using instruments. However, my conclusion has turned me toward a pure worship of God.
I don’t think musical instruments effect our congregations growth. God gives the increase. However, our congregations are maintaining while the denominations who are compromising doctrine are decreasing. While our congregations are decreasing, our membership is steady and slowly increasing.
We can overcome any isolation with defending the home, sound theology, and apologetics.
Farewell.
This is an empty argument. I read this hoping to understand the Church of Christ point of view. I find no substantiation for this point of view
after reading this. I find no reason we should not use instruments along with intelligent language when we praise God.
Reconsider. We consider that no one can change true worship just as we cannot change the Lord’s Supper. We find that Jesus’s words are perfect and complete regarding true worship. However, neither Christ, His Apostles, nor His prophets included worship with instruments. The churches of Christ observe that the use of instruments in the OT is carnal and physical. New Testament worship is now spiritual — spiritual offerings in spiritual temple by spiritual priests. We observe that musical instruments are “lifeless” and such do not offer any intelligible praise, prayer, or edification to the church.
These are reasons not to use the instruments with singing.
I see that the most recent reply is from 2014, not that long ago. I found this article while looking for images to use on our church’s website. As I am not a formal minister but just a messily Director of Media (:P) at a church whose members use instrumental music (IM) and a former member of a few CoCs (I was raised CoC and did not stray from the same line of thinking as this article for most of my adult life), I was moved to read it (for the second time in my life actually) and respond having two questions.
1.) Do you still align yourself and family with this way of thinking? I ask because if you had asked me a year ago I would have told you “I will never go to a church service that uses IM.” Now, my reasoning is a little different. I believe its a personal choice and that for me it was a distraction. I still feel that some church’s IM is over the top/flashy/all for show… but that is not my thing to judge and I just don’t see it as a salvation issue.
2.) Can you further explain your interpretation of 2 Chr 7:6, “The time when the Levite men were the only ones to worship with instruments has ceased (2 Chr 7:6).”
I don’t get that from that scripture at all.
Thank you for your time and I hope you take it easy on me. I’ve already said I am no scholar so this isn’t a contest of wits or merit but just one Christian man asking another about his beliefs.
-Jason
Hi Jason,
1) Yes, with my whole heart, I believe these passages and that preaching, prayer, and singing must remain verbal. I would remove this article and post a public retraction if I changed my mind. I have thoroughly considered this doctrine from both sides. I do not believe that I will ever change my mind now, but I will honestly reconsider.
If I thought that this was a personal matter, then I would agree with you. I find that the Scriptures thoroughly address spiritual worship.
I can neither judge the hearts of others nor their salvation (Matt 15:8; Luke 8:15). For instance, I may warn against looking at alcohol according to Proverb 23 etc. and yet not judge the salvation of someone who has a drink. God is the judge upon this matter.
However, the heart is the salvation issue. I can certainly warn that those who teach contrary to the infallible Christ’s words are putting their souls at stake (Rom 2:1–11). Church leaders will be judged strictly and must give an account (Heb 13:7; Jas 3:1). We are commanded to observe all things and maintain the traditions as delivered to us (Matt 28:20; 1 Cor 11:2; 2 Cor 2:9). How can we go beyond what is written? This is a heart issue.
We could discuss a number of doctrines for which God is the judge. The first-century church at Corinth had many serious errors, but the apostle still refers to them as “of Christ.” However, some of them had certainly died and became lost by altering worship in assembly and rejecting the resurrection among other things (1 Cor 11:26–34; 14; 15).
2) For the Levites worshiping with instruments, I will refer you to another article: https://godsbreath.net/2014/03/04/davids-instruments-for-worship/.
The Levites were the only ones commanded to use God’s instruments commanded to David. I don’t know how to elaborate further. If you have questions, I am happy to reply.
Lastly, my plea to you is to consider how the physical OT worship has been fulfilled and has changed into a spiritual worship of spirit and truth in the NT. Consider also Paul’s plea for worship with meaningful words rather than unknown tongues in 1 Corinthians 14:9–19. From the Reformation through the Restoration Movement, “non-conformist” churches have rejected lifeless instruments for worship because of these words in 1 Corinthians 14.
May God bless you in the study of His Word.
Dear friends. If we believe The Lord Jesus to be the only way to Salvation , then why are we arguing and causing division among ourselves over differences that are preferential and temporal in this life? As an older Christian I have witnessed our enemy bring division to so many Churches concerning things of doctrinal beliefs. Hearts were broken, families were split, people dropped out of church who were still babes in Christ some never returning to the Fold of God’s Sheep to grow and learn. As a music director for over 30 years and serving The Lord for over 55 years after being saved at nine years old, I can only tell everyone I see that we spend our entire lives serving Jesus in the Churches in America trying to prove a particular piece of those doctrines that are close to our hearts. Is this wrong? Probably not. We are only human.
As a Baptist I can tell you I’ve had my fill of jokes about my denomination being in a separate room in Heaven because we think we are going to be the only ones who got it right. In other words, we are pias and will think no one else will be in Heaven because we will be segregated.
How sad it is we spend the few days God has given us on His Earth deploying our efforts and energies in disagreement. This is exactly what Satan wants us to do. Satan is a talented manipulator. People are dying and going to Hell while we slug it out over differences that will not bring about Salvation to the Lost world.
May I encourage all of you individually, to put down your earthly differences of low level doctrinal theology and serve Jesus Christ as He commanded in the Geat Commission. Tell people about Him! People do not want to hear how right the Baptists are or how right your denomination is Gentlemen. They need to hear the story of how Jesus lay down His life on Calvary and took your sins and my sin upon Him and redeemed us and Saved us from an eternity in Hell!
Please teach the Gospel and make it first in your careers and your lives in serving Him! Time is shorter than any of you folks think. Better get it right. God bless you all as you Serve The Lord. Thank you for allowing me to post on this site. Sincerely Wesley Kicker
If we love Christ, we will keep His commands (John 14:23–24). Jesus instructed true worship (John 4:23–24). Therefore, I must teach this as the Gospel too. I find that article above is sufficient in addressing your concerns.
If Christians seek to save the lost and yet give up some of Jesus’s teachings, what have we gained?
God commands us to use instruments in worship- The early church did not have nice melodies that resolved with 2-5/ 1 chords- the early church did not have 4 part harmony- Psallo means in todays language – pluck a guitar string- the voice has the ability of being a sour noise in the body of someone who cannot sing- but with practice – like on an instrument- a certain level of proficiency can be attained by all-
It is more important in the worship services today – that all are included- if a worship leader wants to play a real hard song and justifies not using certain people – because of their musical ability level-he is missing God’s intention- will and commands- / If your congregation is mostly non- talented in their musician ship levels- then you have one choice – simplify the songs- make each part simpler- the beauty of a song does not lie in copying the original mp3- but letting the congregation be a part of the worship- Calvin took an axe to an organ in a church-
God says ” who are you to judge my servants- ( in this case – ‘hey Calvin- you overstepping your boundaries- just because you’ve analyzed the Bible to your fullest- does not mean – that even you understand it all – and yes you can learn from others- and mainly not attack others )-
So wallow in the mire and think that your a chosen group of people because you have realized the secret – that all people should only be singing accapella in church- or you can realize God’ commands and know you are walking down a one way path – by yourself- and your are not letting the holy spirit lead you- Musical Instruments are just material objects- and sing means to produce a harmonic, melodic sound- listen to Bach- listen to a cello playing Mozart- WAKE UP- Instruments are not only a set of vocal chords-
If you really want to go back to the original Church ways – then sings the modes- in unison- no church building- no parking lot- don’t drive your car- find out how they dressed-
If its be silent when God is Silent –
Then – you better start silencing all kinds of things- besides singing
But hopefully – you realize yes God commanded us to worship not just with the voice – BUT with MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS
Thanks- Arlo
Hi Arlo,
I wished that you would have closely read this article and addressed the points here rather than pick out old relics and give counterpoints to points that you may not know are strawmen. Anyways, I hope you reconsider, and also consider why you needed to comment. Were you offended? Annoyed? Or, just felt especially convicted to respond? Why did this article prick your heart?
I wish that you would read this article first, and then make some points to persuade myself and many others.
Thank you. May God bless your studies of His Word.
I read this and looked through some of the comments and see one thing you forgot. David, a ‘man after God’s own heart’ used a harp for worship purposes, and many of the psalms he wrote include instructions for ‘the music minister’. Saying that God only said to sing means nothing, if a whole book of the bible endorses musical instruments.
You are right that this is about the heart. God wants true worshiper to worship Him in Spirit and truth (John 4:23–24). This article does address David’s instruments. Furthermore, consider this article: “Do David’s Instruments Have a Place in True Worship?” If you are going to use David’s instruments, then use his actual instruments that God instructed him. Most churches invent their own instruments, and they do not use David’s instruments. The OT is emphatic about using specific instruments. This is an example of following contemporary culture rather than the OT. David did not get his instruments from culture but from God.
What an arrogant thing to say, Phil. As a matter of fact, yes: The off-key voice IS more pleasing to God than a piano. Why? Because He said it was. He commanded us to sing, and you would rob a believer of the ability to respond to God’s grace in song because it offends your delicate sensibilities. And BTW, I am trained in music, have sung professionally, and have had to work at not stumbling because of off-key brethren, of whom my father-in-law is chief, I’m sure. But he sings from the heart, as you clearly DON’T. And you are the one being superficial and judgmental, while you sit back and accuse us of the same; oh, the irony! Shame on you for this, and shame on your delusional setting aside of the commandments of God so you can do things your own way–under the pretense of righting a spiritual wrong in your upbringing.
Amen. Thank you, Keith, for your comment.
Again, your reason for not using IM is about compliance to outer form, and is not about content. Scott, your mind is so obsessed with making sure your form looks good and making sure that you outwardly obey commands that you miss the real purpose of NT Christianity. Do you really think God cares if we use a guitar while praising Him? Is He that superficial? Don’t you thin He looks beyond the instrument to see what the heart of the person is? You paint a picture of God as a stern faced ogre who can’t wait for us to mess up so He can send us to hell.
You have a personal hangup with IM, and for you Paul simply said, “Romans 14:14
I am convinced, being fully persuaded in the Lord Jesus, that nothing is unclean in itself. But if anyone regards something as unclean, then for that person it is unclean.” Your prejudices need to be tempered.
Hi Phil,
Remember Jesus said that worship in spirit and truth is not like that of Jerusalem. Is He superficial then? Certainly not. The heart is what matters. The heart must desire to worship in spirit and truth. The guitar is superficial and from the desire of the heart of man. His spirit may be genuine, but as Paul said, his mind is not there. Let God judge. As for me and my household, we will serve the LORD.
My prejudices are to accept and obey all that Jesus’ commanded and demonstrated by His example. I will not temper following Christ.
Farewell.
Simply your subjective interpretation of worshiping in Spirit and in truth, as would mine also be. Many thing we use in worship are superficial: the songbook, the pitch pipe, etc.
You can’t “accept and obey all that Jesus’ commanded,” because the “you” who is attempting to do this is the same “you” who commits sins. The difference is that you are trying to please God with proper behavior while not seeing that we are to become an instrument in which God lives by His Spirit. The difference is subtle, but until you experience the power of God living in you, then you will still be the one trying to please him with proper behavior, which is the same as admitting that you have not died to the flesh. True Christianity not about how you (the flesh) conducts itself through obedience to commands, laws and directives. It’s more about how God uses you to carry out his will. Your prejudice against IM is born from a coC man-made rule which you accepted during your indoctrination in the coC. I did it too. However, I chose to put my indoctrination aside and allow God to work in me, and nowhere can I find dishonor in using IM to praise Him. I’ve heard many horrible voices who have done more damage to praise than any instrument. Have you ever stood in front of someone who is so off key that it killed the moment of supposed praise? Of course you have, as has everyone. Yet I’ve experienced the beautiful sound of soft piano music in worship and it actually enhanced the moment of praise. Are you saying that God’s more happy with the off key voice than the soft piano?
Use discernment here. Don’t be a product of indoctrination and prejudice.
Phil,
You said, “The difference is that you are trying to please God with proper behavior while not seeing that we are to become an instrument in which God lives by His Spirit. The difference is subtle, but until you experience the power of God living in you, then you will still be the one trying to please him with proper behavior, which is the same as admitting that you have not died to the flesh.”
You miss the point entirely. The difference is that it is for the love of God, that we keep His commandments (1 John 5:3). “If you love me, you will keep my commandments” (John 14:15).
I’m reading a book called How To a Worship a King by Zack Neese. I highly recommend it. However, he gives numerous examples as to why one SHOULD shout, clap hands, use instruments, etc. Read it and see for yourself. :-) God Bless!!
Thank you, Becky. I will look into that asap. God bless you.
my name is Moses (evangelist) at church of Christ India..
wonderful lesson.
Hello Moses, Thank you for your encouragement.
May God bless you much fruit in India. May He give the Church much more increase in glorifying Christ.
thank to you brothers in Christ.
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