What do David’s instruments reveal about worship today? Do David’s instruments have a place in true worship?
Before David, God had not commanded the use of musical instruments in worship to Him. Five hundred years after Moses received the Law from Mt. Sinai, God commanded King David to use musical instruments when he brought the Ark of the Covenant and all the worship of Moses’s Law into Jerusalem (1 Chr 16). God instructed David to establish worship with “the musical instruments of God” (1 Chr 16:42 ESV). Until this point, there was no mention of instruments in tabernacle worship under Moses unto David. In Moses’s Law, God only commanded the use of two silver trumpets for Israel’s call to worship (Num 10:1–2, 9–10). The Old Testament mentions only prophets worshiping with instruments before King David instructed musical instruments for temple worship in Jerusalem.
Instruments of David
When Solomon dedicated the Temple, the Levites worshiped with “instruments of the music of the LORD, which King David made to praise the LORD” (2 Chr 7:6). God commanded David to make specific instruments for use only by the Levites in worship to God (2 Chr 7:6; 29:25–27; cf. 8:14). The instruments were the harp, lute, lyre, cymbal, tambourine, and horn (Ps 150). God commanded these instruments, and no one changed these instruments. These were God’s instruments that God commanded David to make. When Israel’s leaders restored worship over three hundred years after David, no one took from the instruments of contemporary culture, but instead King Hezekiah restored only David’s instruments to worship (2 Chr 29:25–27). Then five hundred years after David, the priests returned from captivity and restored David’s instruments to their worship (Ezra 3:9–10; Neh 12:27, 36). They respected God’s command and did not add or take from them (Deut 4:2; 12:32).
If today people seek to worship as David did, should they restore all of God’s commands back to David? What is the biblical precept and precedent? Would this mean that only Levite men can play musical instruments in worship? If believers would restore David’s instruments for Moses’s Law, why not the rest of Moses’s Law of worship?
Changing David’s Instruments
Although many churches point to David for a reason to worship with instruments, they do not apparently use the instruments that God commanded David, but they took freedom in choosing instruments by their own discretion from contemporary culture. Why? David, Solomon, Hezekiah, and Jeshua did not choose to use modern and contemporary instruments from contemporary use or from the surrounding peoples. Why not use the instruments that God commanded? Many churches are now considering to change from using one instrument like the organ and modernize by using other instruments like drums and guitars. What wisdom and motives would God have His followers use to discern what is right for Christian worship? Would God have told His worshipers what music is true worship?
David’s Worship and True Worship
What did Jesus say about worship? Jesus revealed true worship in John 4 as he expressed, “Woman, believe Me, the hour is coming when you will neither on this mountain, nor in Jerusalem, worship the Father” (John 4:21). Why did Jesus say that worship would no longer be on that Samaritan mountain or in Jerusalem? Jesus taught that worship must now remain in spirit and Truth (John 4:23–24). David established God’s worship in Jerusalem. He set the orders of the Levites with their worship including music with singing and specific musical instruments. Why is true worship different from David’s worship in Jerusalem?
Jesus and True Worship
In John 4, Jesus revealed, “But the hour is coming, and now is, when the true worshipers will worship the Father in spirit and truth; for the Father is seeking such to worship Him. God is Spirit, and those who worship Him must worship in spirit and truth.” Was Jesus contrasting the worship in Jerusalem from true worship in spirit and truth? Yes, this is apparent. For those desiring to become true worshipers, John 4:19–24 includes that Christians should worship in spirit and truth apart from how David worshiped in the Old Testament. Should worship conform to Jesus’s words for New Testament worship or according God’s words in the Old Testament?
Jesus distinguished true worship from worship in Jerusalem. The Temple of God changed from physical to the spiritual Temple, the Church (1 Cor 3:16; Eph 2:21). Likewise, the worship also changed from physical to spiritual (1 Pet 2:5). The priesthood of Levites and their physical worship ceased. They were the only ones commanded to worship with David’s musical instruments (Heb 7:12). Christians are the priests of God’s spiritual Temple, the Church, in which true worshipers offer spiritual offerings unto God (1 Pet 2:5). With Christ as the atoning offering for sin (Heb 9:22–26), Christians offer spiritual sacrifices of good deeds including praise that is the fruit of their lips (Heb 13:15–16). The true worshipers make melody in their hearts to the Lord (Eph 5:19).
Music in True Worship
What music did Jesus command for Christians as true worshipers? True worshipers can certainly know that Christ’s music for His church is the most beautiful, spiritual, and pure form of musical praise. True worship consists of singing. “Therefore by Him let us continually offer the sacrifice of praise to God, that is, the fruit of our lips, giving thanks to His name” (Heb 13:15). God commanded verbal music — singing — for worshipful praise and spiritual teaching in the New Testament Scriptures (Matt 26:30; Mark 14:26; Acts 4:24; 16:25; Rom 15:6; 1 Cor 14:15; Eph 5:19; Col 3:16; Heb 2:12; 13:15; Jas 5:13; Rev 15:3–4). If God wanted Christians to worship Him with singing and musical instruments, would He had specified that the music included instruments?
Shadows of True Worship
The letter to the Hebrews teaches that the sacrificial worship of the Old Testament was symbolic consisting of “fleshly ordinances” for “that present time […] until the time of reformation” (Heb 9:9–10). Christ has replaced that fleshly worship with a spiritual worship (1 Pet 2:5). The ordinances of worship from Moses and David were shadows without the substance of Christ (Col 2:16-17; Heb 8:4–6; 10:1). The apostle John interpreted the worship from Moses and David with an altar, sacrifices, incense, and instruments as symbolic for New Testament worship. John described the voices of Christians singing from heaven sounding like many waters, thunders, and many harps (Rev 14:1–3). The apostle John represented Christian prayers with incense and symbolized Christian singing by harps that they never played (Rev 5:8–14; 15:1–2).
What happened to the Old Testament and its fleshly worship? “For if that first covenant had been faultless, then no place would have been sought for a second” (Heb 8:7, 13). Keeping the Law of Moses includes the curse: “For as many as are of the works of the law are under the curse” (Gal 3:10). The apostle Paul warned against continuing “in all things which are written in the book of the law,” because doing so adds and annuls to God’s new covenant (Gal 3:15). This is true legalism to keep the carnal law. Moses’s Law was only until Christ, because Moses’s Law was weak and impoverished (Gal 3:19; 4:9–11). “But when the fullness of the time had come, God sent forth His Son, born of a woman, born under the law, to redeem those who were under the law, that we might receive the adoption as sons” (Gal 4:4). Why did God allow instruments in the Old Testament? This was probably for the hardness of hearts (cf. Matt 19:1–9). True worship is perfect and better than the obsolete Law of Moses and the Old Testament (Rom 7:1–7; 2 Cor 3:7–18; Gal 3–5; Eph 2:14–22; Heb 8:13).
Lifeless Instruments
All those who seek to become true worshipers consider Christ’s words as written by His Apostles and prophets. The apostle Paul noted that musical instruments are “lifeless,” which literally means “without soul” or “soulless” in Greek (1 Cor 14:7). Comparing these instruments to unknown tongues, Paul spoke against teaching, singing, and praying with these unknown languages instead of worshiping with the spirit and the mind to express meaningful words (1 Cor 14:9–15). Likewise, instruments are even more impotent of teaching, praying, and singing meaningful words than unknown languages. Christ’s Spirit never commanded the use of musical instruments in true worship to God. Therefore, every Christian is free from man-made worship borrowed from contemporary culture, church traditions, and conflicting opinions.
Follow Christ in True Worship
All true worshipers admire and revere their Savior. How would Jesus worship if He was bodily in Christian assemblies? Jesus professed, “I will declare Your name to My brethren; In the midst of the assembly I will sing praise to You” (Heb 2:12; cf. Ps 22:22). What was the last thing that Jesus did with all of His disciples before they went to the garden the night of His betrayal? Jesus sang a hymn with his disciples (Matt 26:30, Mark 14:26).
Where is the love of Christ and His true worship? All Christians seek to worship in spirit and truth, and for this reason, they should leave the instruments of David’s worship in Jerusalem. Jesus declared, “He who has My commandments and keeps them, it is he who loves Me” (John 14:21, 23–24; cf. 1 Cor 16:22). For these reasons, the churches of Christ emphasize congregational singing and do not sing with musical instruments.
I like to hear other opinions like yours, that does mean it is right but it gives us something to converse and think upon. All forms of instruments can be used in the service of God. The instrument will only play what the musician plays. The instrument does not have a heart (mind). A person does. God will only hold the person responsible. If the person or worshiper of God is holy before God, Godly music will be played or produced. This is the same for singers, preachers and the congregation. We are to consecrate ourselves unto God. It is very important that we follow the lead as presented to us in the entire Holy Bible, the New and Old Testaments. Many have tried to do away with the old testament but without it we would not know how we such come before God in the Temple or during congregational worship. King David commanded 4,000 worshipers to play instruments before God on each Sabbath and I must assume every known instrument of his time was used. Today the musical instruments may look different but they still make the same sounds. Personally according to my biblical study it is okay to use them in worship. We dedicate the instruments to be used in the worship of God and that makes them holy but what is of greater importance, it is the heart of the person playing the instrument that must be holy before God. Then and only then will the music played on the instrument be holy and acceptable to God.
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Dr. Pettiway,
I appreciate your kind and sincere approach. I do find that God did not allow every contemporary instrument in the OT but only David’s instruments. You are right that there is much that we can learn from David’s worship. For now, Jesus instructs true worship that contrasts worship in Jerusalem (John 4:21–24).
I think you are right that this is a matter of the heart. My concern is for the congregation and the musician seeking the sound of the instrument as equal to God’s Word for making melody in the heart and singing to one another. I find that God must dedicate the most spiritual music that is best for us.
Farewell.
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