Science

Science assumes the scientific method as its foundational approach to understanding the natural world. However, it is logically impossible for science to prove its own validity because such an attempt would involve circular reasoning, where the method relies on itself for justification.

Causality

Science presupposes the principle of causality, which states that every effect has a cause, and that these causes can be identified and studied. Science cannot use its methods based on causality to prove the principle of causality itself, as this principle underlies all of reality and thus the entire scientific endeavor.

Reality

Science presupposes the existence of an external, objective reality that exists independently of human perception and can be studied through observation and experimentation. Science cannot use its methods to prove the existence of this objective reality while assuming inquiry according within objective reality. Such is another example of circular reasoning by assuming what one seeks to prove.

Reliability of the Mind

Science presupposes that the human mind and its cognitive processes are reliable for interpreting data, forming hypotheses, and drawing conclusions. People cannot use scientific methods to prove the reliability of the mind itself, as such a proof would require assuming the very cognitive faculties being questioned.

Laws of Logic

Science presupposes the laws of logic, such as the law of non-contradiction and the law of excluded middle, to structure and evaluate arguments and observations. Science cannot use itself to prove the validity of these logical principles because they are fundamental to any rational process, including scientific inquiry.

Inductive Reasoning

Science depends on inductive reasoning to make generalizations from specific observations, such as deriving theories from experimental results. The validity of inductive reasoning is assumed, but science cannot use reasoning to prove this validity, as doing so would involve assuming the very reasoning process being evaluated.

Mathematics

Science relies on mathematics to model and explain natural phenomena, assuming that mathematical relationships and structures accurately describe aspects of the physical world. Science cannot use the applicability of mathematics to prove mathematics is reliable because the proof would inherently rely on mathematical principles.

Moral Absolutes

Science presupposes moral values and ethical guidelines to conduct research responsibly and interpret results with integrity. It cannot use its methods to prove the existence of moral absolutes because ethical principles are foundational to the practice of science rather than derived from it.

Love

Science presupposes the virtue of love as good and useful and so value truth and seek knowledge for the betterment of humanity. Science cannot prove the virtue of love while assuming it is a derive concept of humanity’s survival instinct. The plea that love should underpin the motivation and ethical conduct in scientific inquiry is not itself a product of scientific methods.

Meaning and Purpose

Science presupposes that human life and the pursuit of knowledge have inherent meaning and purpose. Science cannot prove the existence of ultimate meaning and purpose for knowing and understanding the natural world. Meaning of purpose for human life provides the motivation for scientific inquiry but are not established by scientific methods.